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.44In Thucydides seventy communities are called polis in the urban sense.In some five cases we are in doubt whether thecommunity was a polis in the political sense as well, and there is only one attestation of a polis in the urban sense, whichseems not to have been a polis in the political sense, namely Skandeia, the harbour of Kythera, the island south of Lakonia.Skandeia is called polis in the urban sense at 4.54.1 although Kythera was a one-polis island with the city of Kythera as itspolitical centre.45 But even here Thucydides use of the term polis does not necessarily break the rule stated above.Adistinction is made between  the polis by the sea , ® ­À¯ ¸±»¬Ã÷ ÀÌ»¹¶ (4.54.1), and  the upper polis , ® á½É ÀÌ»¹¶ (4.54.2),which indicates that Thucydides took both Skandeia and Kythera to be one half of a polis.So Skandeia can be viewed as apart of Kythera and not as a polis in its own right46In Xenophon s Hellenika there is no detectable exception to our rule.In seventy-five out of eighty-six cases we can befairly certain that a town called polis by Xenophon was a city-state as well, in the remaining eleven cases the result is a nonliquet.But if we extend the investigation to cover the other Xenophontic treatises we find in the Poroi Xenophon s proposalto increase the number of mining slaves and to found a new polis in the mining district.47 Here the word is undeniably usedabout an urban centre that was not the political centre of a polis.This is an exception to our rule, but it is the only one in theentire Xenophontic corpus.In Aeneas Tacticus work polis in the sense of town obviously prevails over polis used in the sense of state, whereas polisin the sense of territory is attested in a few passages only.48 In most cases the term is used either generally about any town10 MOGENS HERMAN HANSENunder siege or the reference is to an unnamed town.But occasionally Aeneas examples concern named poleis, and the townsto which he refers are the following:Abdera 15.9; 15.10 (bis)Apollonia (Pontos) 20.4Argos 11.8 (bis); 17.2; 17.4 (ter)Chalkis 4.1; 4.2; 4.4Chios 11.4 (bis)Himera 10.22Ilion 24.12; 24.14Klazomenai 28.5 (ter)Megara 4.10Plataiai 2.3 (bis)Poteidaia 31.25Sparta 2.2 (bis) (polisma)Teos 18.13; 18.15; 18.19The list is short thirteen entries, that is all but there is no denying the fact that all the towns called poleis by Aeneas werepoleis in the political sense as well.Furthermore, in several of Aeneas references to an unnamed polis he takes it for grantedthat the town he describes was also a political community.49 Thus in Aeneas treatise the term has several meanings, and isused most frequently in the sense of town, sometimes in the sense of state and occasionally in the sense of land or country;but the sites called poleis in the urban or territorial sense are all known to have been poleis in the political sense as well.To conclude: as is well known, authors like Herodotos, Thucydides and Xenophon did not care much about technicalterms.It is unlikely that they spent long hours making sure that in every case they had used the term polis in accordance withthe rule stated above.In my opinion, their use of polis simply reflects the ordinary use of the word in Classical Greek.Thus, I think that a generalisation is permitted, and let me sum up by stating what we in the Polis Centre propose to call thelex Hafniensis de civitate: in Archaic and Classical sources the term polis used in the sense of  town to denote a named urbancentre is not applied to any urban centre but only to a town which was also the political centre of a polis.Thus the term has twodifferent meanings, town and state, but even when it is used in the sense of town its reference, its denotation, seems almostinvariably to be what the Greeks called polis in the sense of a koinonia politon politeias and what we call a city-state.The lexHafniensis applies to Hellenic poleis only.The references to barbaric communities called poleis in the urban and/or in thepolitical sense must, of course, be analysed separately.Whenever a term is transferred from one culture to describe a more orless similar phenomenon in other cultures it is unavoidably twisted, sometimes more, sometimes less according to how remotethe other culture is [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]