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.17.Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality,Volume 1:An Introduction, trans.Robert Hurley (1976; New York: Vintage, 1980), 101.18.Altman, Homosexual Oppression and Liberation.Guy Hocquenghem,Homosexual Desire, trans.Diniella Dangoor (1978; Durham, N.C.: Duke Uni-versity Press, 1993).19.See Lisa Keen and Suzanne B.Goldberg s fine survey, Strangers to theLaw: Gay People on Trial (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).Kenji Yoshino argues that the gay-rights movement s emphasis on sexual ori-entation as an  immutable characteristic promotes a numbing conformity inways both subtle and not so subtle: Basically, the emphasis on essential  iden-tity leaves unchallengeable all those forms of discrimination based on overt(especially excessive)  behavior (e.g., gender nonconformity, promiscuity, thedisplay of  inappropriate behavior).Kenji Yoshino,  Covering, The Yale LawJournal 111, no.4 (January 2002): 769 939.See Kristin Eliasberg,  Making a410 / Notes to Pages 275 285Case for the Right to Be Openly Different, New York Times (Arts and Ideas),June 16, 2001.20.Chandler Burr,  Homosexuality and Biology, Atlantic Monthly 272,no.3 (March 1993): 47 65.21.Chandler Burr, A Separate Creation: The Search for the Biological Ori-gins of Sexual Orientation (New York: Hyperion, 1996), 306.22.I borrow Michel Foucault s apt phrase  technologies of the self. Tech-nologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed.Luther H.Martin,Huck Gutman, and Patrick H.Hutton (Amherst: University of MassachusettsPress, 1988).23.And why not? Everything in modern advertising culture, which is to saymodern culture, makes increasingly open use of such a rhetorical flip: claimingthe naturalness of something so as to establish the authenticity of what is infact contrived, manufactured, and social.A wink and a nod.We re all in onthe joke.24.For an up-close, sometimes funny, sometimes harrowing account of oneman s experience with therapists intent on  curing him of homosexuality, seeMartin Duberman s Cures: A Gay Man s Odyssey (New York: E.P.Dutton,1991).25.Again, it is notable that every one of the major innatist texts on the  bi-ology of homosexuality spends at least as much time revisiting sociobiologi-cal fables and evolutionary-psychological just-so stories purporting to explainhow it is that men and women got to be the way they allegedly are as they dovisiting the question of homosexual exceptionalism.26.Erica Goode,  Study Questions Gene Influence on Male Homosexual-ity, New York Times, April 23, 1999.27.On the stakes involved in the present naturalizations of sex, the tensionsbetween  rights and  liberation, and the consequent  identity crisis of thegay movement, I can think of no book more capacious and discerning thanRichard Goldstein s slim analytical polemic, The Attack Queers: Liberal Soci-ety and the Gay Right (New York: Verso, 2002).28.See Hamer and Copeland, The Science of Desire, 156 59.J.A.Y.Halland D.Kimura,  Dermatoglyphic Asymmetry and Sexual Orientation in Men,Behavioral Neuroscience 108, no.6 (1994): 1203 6.29.M.Jane Taylor,   Dr.Laura Lashes Out at Gay Activists, WashingtonBlade (National News), January 8, 1999.30.William J.Turner,  Homosexuality, Type 1: An Xq28 Phenomenon,Archives of Sexual Behavior 24, no.2 (1995): 109 34.chapter 21. nature in quotation marks1.Foucault coined the term  bio-power to describe the array of disciplines,observatory techniques, and sciences organized around  the administration ofbodies and the calculated management of life. The productive effects Foucaultattributes to bio-power are simultaneously material (e.g., the application of sci-Notes to Pages 285 290 / 411entific knowledge as medical treatments), institutional (the application of med-ical and sociological models to administrative techniques), and ideological (theproduction of new subjects and subjectivities out of material and institutionalmatrices).For Foucault, the formation of these new disciplines, techniques, andsciences represents  nothing less than the entry of life into history. MichelFoucault, The History of Sexuality.Volume I: An Introduction, trans.RobertHurley (1976; New York: Vintage, 1980), 140, 141.On the politics of  life, seeGiorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1995; Stan-ford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998).2.Here, as in what follows, I mean to evoke that old-fashioned Marxist dis-tinction between social  relations and technological  means.3.Gina Kolata,  Reproductive Revolution Is Jolting Old Views, New YorkTimes, January 11, 1994.4.Faye Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp, Conceiving the New World Order: TheGlobal Politics of Reproduction (Berkeley: University of California Press,1995), xi.5.Gina Kolata,  Babies Born in Experiments Have Genes from ThreePeople, New York Times, May 5, 2001.6.Gina Kolata, Clone: The Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead (New York:William Morrow, 1998).See also Gina Maranto, Quest for Perfection:The Driveto Breed Better Human Beings (New York: Scribner, 1996), and Elsimar M.Coutinho, Is Menstruation Obsolete? trans.Sheldon J.Segal (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1999).7.Gina Kolata,  U.S.Approves Sale of Impotence Pill; Huge Market Seen.70% of Patients Helped.Eagerly Awaited Drug Found to Relieve Condition ThatAfflicts Millions of Men, New York Times, March 28, 1998.8.This section is titled with apologies to Neil Young.On the signature traitsof postmodernity, see Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logicof Late Capitalism (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), 1 54.9.See Paulina Borsook, Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp through the TerriblyLibertarian Culture of High Tech (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000).10.Anne Fausto-Sterling,  Nature Is the Human Heart Made Tangible, inReinventing Biology: Respect for Life and the Creation of Knowledge, ed.LyndaBirke and Ruth Hubbard (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 121 36.Marilou Awiakta,  Trail Warning, in Selu: Seeking the Corn-Mother s Wis-dom (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum, 1993), 39.11.Marilyn Strathern, After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twenti-eth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); see also her Re-producing the Future: Anthropology, Kinship, and the New Reproductive Tech-nologies (New York: Routledge, 1992).12.Raymond Williams, Keywords:A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev.ed.(1976; New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 219 24.Fredric Jameson,Postmodernism.Donna Haraway,  Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science,Technology,and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s, Socialist Review 80 (1985): 65 108.13.Ian Hacking, Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in Phi-412 / Notes to Pages 291 302losophy and Natural Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983),esp.130 46.14.Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language,Gender, and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992), 3 6, 33.15.David Rothenberg, Hand s End: Technology and the Limits of Nature(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), xii, xiv.16 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]