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. 31 Such ahuman project is one directed towards living in a  world , in reality , which is intelligible and permits us to gain a universallyvalid knowledge through which we can control that world, eitheras a basis for its manipulation or in rendering it conformable toour intelligence.The project is, we might say, directed towardsdomestication, to being at home in life.Knowledge enables usto remove what threatens us or to remove the appearance ofthreat through comprehension, and is thus essential for themaintenance of human life.Furthermore,  the assumption of similar cases presupposes similar souls :32 schematization in terms of general conceptsinvolves the general concept of a humanity for which suchconcepts are valid.It is a humanity motivated by the desire forfamiliarization, for an absence of the threatening.Hence,Nietzsche speaks of it as a result of the instinct for selfpreservation.The primary values of such a humanity lie inthe absence of threat and opposition, and so in  happiness and peace.Such human life which needs to understand itself interms of a general concept of humanity Nietzsche calls the  herd ,for whom the general has priority over the individual.Hence hespeaks of  The earthly kingdom of desires out of which logicgrew the herd instinct in the background. 33  Truth exists, butas a human product, the result of the imposition of its forms ofa life directed towards self-preservation.Where truth becomesthe supreme value, life itself becomes organized in terms ofsecurity, peace and happiness and so against the perspective ofthose cultures which had subordinated truth in the name orother values, whose character I will discuss shortly. Christian truthfulness must now draw its strongestconclusion, the one by which it shall do away with itself.Thiswill be accomplished by Christianity asking itself  what does allwill to truth signify? 34 It signifies, first, that life which gives thesupreme value to truth is a problematic, servile, herd life.Butthis revelation, second, confronts us then with a new questions:The problem of the value of truth stepped before us or wasit we who stepped before this problem?& it has finally comeHappiness, self-affirmation and God 69to seem to us that this problem has never before been posedthat we have been the first to see it, to fix our eyes on it,to hazard it.35The questioning intrinsic to the value of truth now turns on thatvalue itself:  We asked after the value of this will.Granted wewant truth: why not rather untruth? And uncertainty? Evenignorance? 36 Philosophy has since Socrates  wanted to furnishthe rational ground of morality but  morality itself was taken asgiven.37 Operating within the will to truth, philosophy has triedto identify the goal of life and its justification, but in this wayit has taken the project of subordinating life to truth assomething unquestionable.With Nietzsche, truthfulness nowdirects itself towards this project itself, revealing it as a humanproject involved in the illusion of access to a suprahumanstandpoint, and so raising the question of the value of truthitself.In this way, fundamental questioning, philosophy,undergoes a transmutation.The philosophy of  philosophicallabourers such as Kant and Hegel takes  former assessments ofvalue, creations of value which have become dominant and arefor a while called  truths  and makes them  clear, distinct,intelligible and manageable.But  actual philosophers  determinethe wherefore and whither of mankind reaching  for the futurewith creative hand.38 Such a  creating had taken place withSocrates in initiating the supreme value of truth, and now musttake place again where this value is itself questioned out of truthfullness.The question  What is the value of truth? cannot be raisedfrom within the structure of the life lived in terms of thesupreme value of truth itself.To raise it, we must already havemoved outside such a life in order to see its character:problematic, servile, herd thinking.But that very move thusinvolves us in judging its value, and so reveals the values of theperspective from which truth can be judged:he who has really gazed.down into the most world denyingof all possible modes of thought beyond good and evil andno longer [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]