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.At theend of the parade were grouped the thousands of delegateswho had again answered Garvey s call.Garvey was triumphant.The convention reassured himthat his organizational skills and leadership talents were stillintact.Unfortunately, the 1929 convention was also the sceneof trouble between the UNIA leader and the organization sU.S.chapters.Early in the month-long convention Garveycriticized some of the American UNIA leaders.It was theirfault, Garvey charged, that the organization faltered whilehe was in prison.Stung by these accusations, the Americansgrew hostile to Garvey.When he demanded that the UNIA sinternational headquarters be moved from New York toKingston, they rebelled.Garvey, as the founder and president of the association,wanted the headquarters to be where he was.The Americans,protesting that the UNIA s strength and financial support werebased in the United States, wanted it to remain in New York.Unwilling to compromise on the issue, the U.S.delegatesangrily withdrew from the convention.Because the U.S.branch of the association had accumulatedsome heavy debts, Garvey was eager to sever his ties andstart anew.The split became official in August 1929.Garveyrenamed his group the Parent Body of the Universal NegroImprovement Association.Both the American organizationand Garvey s international association continued to refer tothemselves as the UNIA.The schism further weakened hisalready faltering movement.Meanwhile, Garvey decided to try his hand at Jamaicanpolitics.In 1929, he formed the People s Political party andbegan campaigning for a seat in the Jamaican legislature.His platform called for an improvement in working conditionsand economic and educational opportunities for Jamaicanblacks.He also called for a reform of the judiciary system.After making negative remarks about certain Jamaican judges,77 Look for Me in the Whirlwindhe was sentenced to three months in jail for contempt of court.He served a few terms on the local governing council ofKingston, but the People s Political Party was never a greatsuccess.While he was in Jamaica, he became the father of twosons: Marcus, born in 1930, and Julius, born in 1933.THE END OF THE MAN AND THE MOVEMENTIn 1935, Garvey left Jamaica for the last time and moved theUNIA headquarters to London.His efforts to rebuild hisonce-great organization from Jamaica had failed.He hopedthat in London he would have better luck.A few months after Garvey arrived in London he was heart-broken by the news that the independent black nation ofEthiopia had been attacked and invaded by Italy.His hope forblack self-rule in Africa grew weaker after Ethiopia s conquest.Although he joined other black spokesmen in denouncingItaly s unprovoked attack, he also criticized Ethiopia s ruler,Emperor Haile Selassie, for failing to modernize the country sarmed forces so that they could repel the invasion.(For addi-tional information on the invasion of Ethiopia, enter  Ethiopiainvasion by Italy into any search engine and browse thesites listed.)Garvey called on the world s blacks to unite in defense of theirancestral homeland and predicted grim consequences if theyfailed. This is a warning, he said of Ethiopia s defeat. If youNegroes do not readjust and steady yourselves and think intelli-gently as the age demands, your next fifty years will not see youdefeated but will see you wiped out entirely from civilization.Using his newest publication, a monthly magazine calledBlack Man that he had started in December 1933, Garveypublished his views on the Ethiopian situation and otherblack issues.Negro World had folded in 1933, and Garvey knewhe needed some way to keep in touch with his scatteredfollowers.Black Man was expensive to publish and distributeand appeared less frequently as the years went on.78MARCUS GARVEYGarvey tried to regain a following in the United States, andhe held UNIA conferences in Toronto, Canada, in 1936, 1937,and 1938.Some loyal Garveyites crossed the Canadian borderto see their old leader, but their numbers grew fewer each year.Realizing that he needed to recruit the younger generationif he wanted to keep the movement going, in 1937 Garveyformed the School of African Philosophy to train interestedstudents for UNIA leadership.The program was offered as acorrespondence course, but only eight students enrolled in theschool in 1937.Ultimately, Garvey s efforts to rebuild the UNIA failed.Themembership dwindled, and from 1935 to 1937 Garvey collectedless than $400 from all of his various fund-raising drives.Thedays when he could raise thousands of dollars in a single nightwere gone forever.He was barely able to support his family andcould not afford to bring them to England until the summerof 1937.The wet and chilly English climate was hard on histwo sons, however, and in 1938 Amy Jacques Garvey took theboys back to Jamaica.Garvey remained behind.Garvey had presided over a wealthy organization duringthe UNIA s heyday, but he lived close to poverty during hisfinal years [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]